![]() The directional heating from the supernova causes the side of the Earth facing the supernova to receive all the heat energy. The Earth, heated by a recently exploded Sun. Try experimenting with properties like the object’s Average Albedo or Surface Heat Capacity to see how they affect the energy flow rates and surface temperature (or check out our Energy Flow guide in Home > Guides > Tutorials > 14 – Energy and Heating). If it’s radiating more energy than it’s absorbing, the Heating rate will be negative, and the object will cool down. If the object is absorbing more energy than it’s radiating, the Heating Rate will be positive, and the object will heat up. The Heating Rate tells you how fast the object’s surface temperature is expected to change based on this energy flow. The first two properties, Energy Absorption Rate and Energy Radiation Rate, show the speed at which the object is gaining and losing energy. You can see the data related to this “Energy Flow” in the Surface tab in the object’s properties panel. Universe Sandbox simulates the temperature of an object based on the flow of energy into and out of the object. On the other hand, if the object is radiating more energy than it’s receiving, that lost energy causes the object’s temperature to drop. If the object is absorbing more energy than it is radiating away, that extra energy is used to raise the temperature of the object. ![]() An object like a planet or moon is continuously absorbing energy from its surroundings (like the heat from nearby stars) and radiating energy out into space. So what makes the temperature of an object change? It all comes down to energy. Go with the Flow: Energy Flow and Temperature In addition to the Surface Grids simulation in Update 24, we also added new properties and tools related to heat and temperature in Update 25, so we wanted to take this opportunity to explain what makes planets get so hot (or cold!), and how you can use Universe Sandbox to explore the flow of energy through your objects. Thanks to our new Surface Grids feature, introduced in Update 24, Universe Sandbox can now simulate the heating of each point on an object’s surface, to create a 2D map of a planet or moon’s surface temperature. One of the many important astrophysical processes that Universe Sandbox simulates is the changing temperature of an object as it is warmed by nearby stars and other sources of heat. You can speed up, slow down, or stop time, and there's an automatic time setting which tends to always show things moving at a sensible rate in simulation time (a second of real time might represent minutes, months, or 50,000 years or more if you're looking at, say, the local group of galaxies).Jupiter orbiting a mere 0.04 AU from the Sun, heating quickly under the intense stellar energy it receives at this distance. Time is greatly accelerated as is necessary to see something interesting with objects that might take weeks or centuries of real time to move visibly at the scale of a computer screen. The real beauty of the interface is that it's very easy to control the focus and scale of what you see using just the mouse and mouse wheel. You aren't restricted to the planets and moons of the solar system - you can work with stars and galaxies too. ![]() The physics is there and I'm sure you can learn a lot about gravitational motion by playing with all the parameters you can change for the various objects in the scenarios. This program is similar in some respects to Gravity Simulator, but with 3D graphics (including an optional red/green anaglyph setting for use with 3D glasses), more interactive and intuitive controls, and a generally more playful approach. ![]()
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